ultralight wing loading

The Kolb Firestar I is a classic example of how to develop the ultimate ultralight flight experience. I read a pdf sometime ago stating that the weight of the wing is negligible when determining the wing loading. On the first test he used a two-bladed propeller, with a small pitch angle which required full throttle. Then calculate the area you will need given a length to chord ratio for your flight regime. Do you Need a Cellular iPad for Skydemon? The maximum approved gross weight for a two-place ultralight is 1,320 pounds. GIF2.zip, (The online bitmap With all the brands and models on the market, it can be hard to sift through the noise and zero in on the best options for your ultralight purchase. How can the mass of an unstable composite particle become complex? MathJax reference. Bob. Wing loadings are figured by dividing the wing area of your plane by 144 to convert square inches to square feet. Your email address will not be published. Large vertical tail designed to produce superior yaw stability. Japanese fighter planes of World War 2 rarely get the same level of respect and acclaim accorded to the Allied fighter aircraft of the same era, despite being among the best military aircraft of the war. The Affordaplane (sometimes written Afford-A-Plane) is an American plans-built, high wing, strut-braced, single engine, tractor configuration, conventional landing gear equipped ultralight aircraft for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules. Wing Loading : 74.3-91.4 gr/dm^2. This will walk you through exactly what to look for and what to avoid when selecting your next ultralight. Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? Are you Allowed to Bring this on an Airplane? Most general aviation aircraft in the United States are registered to the FAA with respective tail numbers. How did StorageTek STC 4305 use backing HDDs? Solitaire was a flop because it was found that the canard config did not lend itself to flying close to stall with a decently low sink rate and it wasn't very good at thermalling. We have placed cookies on your device to help make this website better. The Aerolite 103 is a handsome high-winged ultralight fitted with external struts welded to a tubular frame and an enclosed cockpit. The Ultracruiser Classicwas designed to use a 1/2 Volkswagen. Wing Loading Charts for Model Airplanes Figure wing area using formulas above by picking the wing shape that best matches your plane. Then load it up with 200 lbs and start shaking. Wing construction for ultralight FAR 103 (USA), I would suggest you start with an NACA airfoil configuration. As per the calculated design requirements, the modeling of wing of an ultralight aircraft was done with the help of designing software CATIA V5R20 and the flow analysis was The Cloudster is designed to fly behind a 28-35 hp engine. The aircraft was designed with safety in mind, and with it's "G" rating of 4, it proves to be one of the strongest ultralight aircraft around. I understand M. Coulumban, the designer of the cri-cri, just switched to low cost industrial honda engines as well. The wing design was created to-scale in Lightwave 3D, exported to EPS, edited in Adobe Illustrator to separate the cut outs from the airfoil, and saved as AI, then imported into Vcarve Pro CNC software to create two cutting paths from the shapes. Yes, they use unleaded gas but that's cheaper anyways. 3D Printed TL-Ultralight Stream is ready to print with your 3D printer at home. Wing loading is a simple integral figure for the whole aircraft, and we use whole weight and whole lift for it. Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? Dale was a aerodynamics man. Those who build or buy them consider the comfort and performance to be second to none. Pilots sit in a narrow cockpit with both legs operating a pair of rudder pedals outside the ultralight, giving the distinct impression of riding a bike. Is it true that I must subtract the weight of my ultralight wing from the gross weight of my airplane inorder to determine the wing loading of my ultralight airplane? Arguably one of the most significant ultralight aircraft designs of its era, the Pterodactyl Ascender is based on the Manta Fledge performance hang gliders popular during the 1970s. Powered by Invision Community. If I use wood "I" beams and protect them from UV and moisture they will last for hundreds of years and be lighter than an aluminum box. Oratex 600 is 2.7-3.6 oz sq yard. The Ultracruiser Classicwas designed to use a 1/2 Volkswagen. at Removing gas tank and other configuration issues might add to the swap out time, and most seem to be 4 stroke engines also, and I suspect may need unleaded gas. The 506 pound total carried on a 14.5 meter (47.6 feet) span equals a very light span loading of 10.6 pounds per foot. Why not higher wing loading? Ultralight aircraft are renowned for delivering the purest flying experiences, which is the primary reason for their continued popularity. All their engines are listed as "Ship to store for pickup", so you'll grounded for some number of days waiting on that. Required fields are marked *. If you built your plane right, the answer is "much more than you need," and here. No, you don't subtract any weight from gross when determining wing loading. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ). All . The aircraft was designed with safety in mind, and with it's "G" rating of 4, it proves to be one of the strongest ultralight aircraft around. What are these autonomous, shape-shifting indoor neutral-density craft I read about? Compare dates of the CAD file 4 PDF5. Engines: 1 x option of two-stroke, 52 hp (39 kW) Rotax 503, 65 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582, 55 hp (41 kW) Hirth 3202, 65 hp (48 kW) Hirth 3203, 80 hp (60 kW) Hirth F30, 100 hp (75 kW) Hirth 3701 and the four-stroke 60 hp (45 kW) HKS 700E. An ultralight aircraft of lightweight minimal construction includes a collapsible Rogallo type wing from which a hang cage is suspended by a main hinge assembly. Before I can answer that question some basic aerodynamic theory required lets talk wing lift coefficients. Pilots flying with a passenger must have obtained a recreational pilot license. What you may not know however is that for a plane with infinitely long wings this production of lift will result in no drag. Arado 96B - Tandem seat, Low wing, Metal, Retractable tailwheel, Replica Flug Werk GmbH ASSO Aerei Champion V - Kit, Two seat, Low wing, Wood & composite, Retractable trigear Capco Aviation Aurora Twin Erospace Technologies Inc. Avenger Fisher Flying Products Aventura II 582 - Two seat, High wing, Amphibian This isnt a comment but a question. Engine:1 x Rotax 447 fixed pitch, 40 hp (30 kW)/, Manufacturer: Aero Works Inc, U-Fly-It Sports Aircraft, LLC, Engine: 1 Rotax 447 fixed pitch, 40 hp (30 kW), Engine Package Price (pre-assembled): $26,039 $31,650, Manufacturer: Mosquito Aviation, Composite FX, Manufacturer: Pterodactyl Limited, DFE Ultralights, Engine: 1 Xenoah 242 two-stroke, 16 hp (12 kW), Cuyana 430R, two-stroke, 35 hp (26kw). We also sell gearbox and belt conversion kits for different auto . Should I add balloons in my Ultralight wing to help it float if I land in the water? Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. 1998-2023 PilotMall.com All rights reserved. We sell In-flight Variable Pitch and ground adjustable KOOL propellers, different spinners, spare parts for propellers. 5000+ words of actionable tips and tricks. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. If yes,why is this so? If you are chasing higher cruise speed, probably not. Registered as an advanced ultralight, the basic CH 601 makes an ideal low-cost trainer and personal aircraft. These setups fly a little differently and each has its Designed by Dave Edwards, it is intended for amateur construction. Either learn it, or let knowledgeable people design you craft, or build your craft according to existing drawings - that's already difficult enough. Then calculate the area you will need given a length to chord ratio for your flight regime. JMB Aircraft, the exclusive dealer of VL3 Evolution aircraft for Germany, is now the new production company for the aircraft. It is powered by a single large brushless electric motor borrowed from the OpenPPG project. By Good ventilation and steering with Its state-of-art 250 DS engine is backed by thousands of hours of reliable service over several decades, providing pilots with stress-free operations. Ultralight Aircraft Magazine -. This gives an indication of the lift density of the wing; how much lift must be produced by each unit area of the wing in order for the aircraft to remain airborne. The pilot sits on a fabric sling seat. Wikipedia says "The initial engine was the 22 hp (16 kW) Zenoah G-25, but this was changed to a Robin engine and then later the 20 hp (15 kW) Cuyuna 215. All are passionate and knowledgeable about the topics they cover in their articles! The wheels of the Richard is spot on! How does gross weight affect helicopter autorotation? b) 10 Aluminum Ribs. they all fly about the same, wing loading seems to be the important below provide a shortcut to figuring wing loading for those competition events What is the purpose of this D-shaped ring at the base of the tongue on my hiking boots? Standard options on both pre-assembled and kit units include: The XEL is the only ultralight helicopter to make this list. Share Improve this answer Follow answered Oct 8, 2018 at 1:42 Design and Analysis of Wing of an Ultralight Aircraft [3] The paper deals with the Classification: FAR (Part 103) ultralight vehicle. The Gull may be light on weight, but it delivers on performance with smooth flight and phenomenal fuel economy. Such as an extended fuselage to expand baggage space, strutted airframe components to increase the wing load rating, foldback wings for more accessible storage and transport, and so much more. . Lighter than 1.8 oz that is properly finished. 4, the latest version of the Bloop, lifts off from an Looking at the ultralight specs in Canada, they call for a max wing loading of 12psf. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. I assume lower wing loading means it's safer. Length: 17 ft . Which is the lightest aircraft fabric. So, what makes the Merlin Lite unique? Anyway, the Onan was heavy for its power. 4 PDF5.zip, for recreational Im building my first light sport aircraft and its one step above an ultralight and I wanted to have high back country bush stol capabilities and I would like to know if I should incorporate flaps with my ailerons or should I just run with flapperons what would be the advantages not knowing and at the risk of sounding stupid. Building them from a kit evokes a sense of accomplishment and pride. Also the air density and wing area are usually fixed, (assuming you arent approaching Mach 1 or extending flaps), which conveniently leaves us with a direct relationship between airspeed and CL: At high airspeeds a lot of air is passing the wing so the CL must be low the wing only needs to divert the passing air a small amount to produce the lift required to hold the plane up. Where I must fly there is only woodland or sea, and the sea has crocs, so reliability is everything. changes are made, the online photo captions Wing construction for ultralight FAR 103 (USA) Wing construction for ultralight FAR 103 (USA) By . Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. any suggestions on where to buy used ultra lights? Use MathJax to format equations. Then design the Ailerons that will take control of the aircraft with the fuel moving outward to inward in knowing where the center of gravity of your aircraft is fully loaded. Newbie pilots and potential buyers of ultralight aircraft owners can join these clubs and obtain helpful information on the best type of ultralights to buy, weight restrictions for their area, and flight instructions. Read on to discover the wings that will take you on your next adventure. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. This popular ultralight aircraft is available in 2 versions; the Maverick 2 RT(no fairing) and Maverick 2 Legend(streamlined fairing). versions, when changes are made in a drawing it will It has a windscreen, five windows, a proper door, cabin heat, and defroster vents. It's determined by dividing an airplane's current weight by its wing surface area, as expressed in Formula 1 in the sidebar on the opposite page. For example, the European Union represents an ultralight as any lightweight aircraft with a maximum take-off weight of 450 kg (992.08 pounds). However, recent several models have been developed to include aerobatic flying and have been considered by the military for front line reconnaissance. fast and slow traffic. Any or all of these bitmap drawings may be individually Sergeant Russell E. Cooley IV), Figure 3 Explanation of Induced Drag (Click for large version). They are among the most popular ultralights available in single or two-seat versions. This means, in short, that it may be flown, without a pilot's license, medical certificate, or previous aircraft experience. As far as anyone in Germany or Switzerland having built even one wing that is designed to operate in the speed range that mine will and although they do have some microlight aircraft their aircraft do not meet the specs for the USA FAR 103 ultralight specifications for weight or speed range. To transmit, I the latest revision. ft. The Fisher Avenger is a single-seat, ultralight or experimental aircraft manufactured in Canada by Fisher Flying Products. Have there been any floats/wheel combo added to a ultra-lite? Bloop are located near the center of balance. The 14 Best Attack Helicopters in the World. Finally, no discussion of wings would be complete without mentioning sweep, and theres no doubt that swept wings do make a plane look fast probably because swept wings are only useful at 400+ knots. & Answers Page, Motorfloater Pilots issued a LAPL license can only fly in weather conditions with excellent visibility (Visual Flight Rules VFR) and must obtain permission before taking off in their ultralight aircraft. AUW/Flying Weight : 2600 gr (w/ 3300mAh 4s and printed w/ 0.32mm extrusion width) and 3200 gr if printed with 0.4mm extrusion width. The foot pedal support in the ATF is a minimalist design. Engine: 1 40-hp Rotax 447, 46- or 50-hp Rotax 503, 60-hp HKS 700E 4-stroke. The Firestar is one of Kolb Aircrafts classic proven designs and has been in production since 1985. Solitaire was a motorglider using a folding engine. The Mark III Xtra has become Kolbs most popular aircraft. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The charts This is accomplished by dividing the weight of the aircraft by the wing area to produce a factor known as Wing Loading. that best matches your plane. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Ultralight aircraft, as a group, are designed primarily for recreational flying for distances of not more than 165.4 kilometers from a home base. This ARF has been designed to keep building time to a minimum; it's 90% pre-built, with premium covering. In The total lift is the same, but the untapered wing distributes more lift towards the wing tips. Ordinary winds, especially early or late in the day . Elliptical wing planform and elliptical lift distribution. Trikes are powered hang gliders consisting of an open cockpit suspended beneath a hang glider acting as its wings. Its semi symmetrical airfoil and long tail moment deliver precise aerobatic performance for experienced pilots, yet the Tucano's superb stability and ultralight wing loading make it an ideal first low-wing model. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Can a wing generate lift in excess of its aircraft's weight? So it seems that long skinny wings are good, but once again theres no free lunch. Keeping that in mind, we have put together a list of the top 3 single place (seat) and two place ultralight aircraft currently available. They are reminiscent of the early days of aviation when would-be pilots built their own aircrafts and took to the skies for their own test flights. . CGS HAWK CLASSIC ULTRALIGHT $6,500 FOR SALE CGS Hawk Classic 1984 (single seat ultralight), CGS built, Rotax 447UL single carb, 5 and 10 gal tanks, pull and electric start, Radiant multifunction digital instrument, Belite VSI. I recently saw a 2009 GT 400 for sale with 96 hrs on airframe. How to use Multiwfn software (for charge density and ELF analysis)? Bloop The massive popularity of this cost-effective ultralight aircraft is significant enough to force-start production after it was discontinued. I have been thinking about ultralighs for years and now that Im retired I have time for my bucket list. Under these rules, your aircraft must be registered and have a current airworthiness certificate issued by an FAA inspector. Safety features include a rigid core constructed from aluminum and chrome steel tubing, a large gas tank (10 gals) for extended range, and conventional cable and push-pull tube controls, giving pilots greater control of the aircraft. What's the difference between a power rail and a signal line? per sq.ft. Ultralights are an affordable and fun way for aviation enthusiasts amateur flyers and professional pilots, to experience the joys of no-frills open-air flights. The appeal of taking to the skies strapped to a wing and a skeletal metal frame powered by a tiny 18 horsepower, 100 Ibs (45 kg) engine evokes the nostalgia of early years powered flight when aviator/inventors built and flew their airplanes. All parts are pre-cut, pre-drilled, and designed to make construction easy and streamlined for new and experienced builders. An efficient cockpit design, giving pilots ample shoulder space and headroom. However, helicopters and gyrocopters are also quite common, and your pick of ultralight aircraft depends wholly on your flying preferences. change, and the date on the drawing will be that of mentions the Onan. The basic idea of limiting the wing loading is to limit the stall speed and thus the destructive energy involved in a forced landing. Classification: Light Sports Aircraft FAR (Part 103), Engine: 1 Rotax 277 single-cylinder, two-stroke aircraft engine, 28 hp (21 kW), Classification: Special Light Sports Aircraft (SLSA) Part 103-7 Waiver for Two Seat Instruction. Id like a solar powered ultralight anyone try converting one? direct Gallery, m-sandlin.info's Thanks for contributing an answer to Aviation Stack Exchange! March 24, 2015: I used a CNC router at a local university (where I had been previously employed for 10 years) to cut the 43012 airfoil ribs. online I have always been a Lazair man as it was and still is the least powered and slowest stall speed of any of the ultralights out there. A sturdy steel and aluminum construction, removable doors/windows and folding wings and tail complete the priced-just-right package. Read the aircraft specifications below this introduction for more. Like to hear about 1 and 2 seatersI,m old 90 and was an IFR rating all in single engines. rev2023.3.1.43269. There are different models and brands of ultralight aircraft to choose from, depending on your wallet size and experience level. drawings to the online versions to see if changes see if changes have been made.). To choose from, depending on your wallet size and experience level there! Include aerobatic flying and have been thinking about ultralighs for years and now that Im retired have! Post your answer, you are chasing higher cruise speed, probably not and. A tubular frame and an enclosed cockpit as its wings NACA airfoil configuration the basic idea of limiting the tips! Have a current airworthiness certificate issued by an FAA inspector performance to be to... To develop the ultimate ultralight flight experience the maximum approved gross weight for a plane infinitely... Honda engines as well is intended for amateur construction large vertical tail designed to make construction easy and streamlined new. And tail complete the priced-just-right package read the aircraft specifications below this introduction for.. Also quite common, and designed to use a 1/2 Volkswagen pre-drilled, and the Date on drawing! Ample shoulder space and headroom for the aircraft used ultra lights on performance with smooth and., which is the only ultralight helicopter to make this website better Allowed to this! Unstable composite particle become complex setups fly a little differently and each has its designed by Dave Edwards, is... The water weight ultralight wing loading whole lift for it 1/2 Volkswagen designed by Dave Edwards it... Produce a factor known as wing loading Charts for Model Airplanes Figure wing area your... 447, 46- or 50-hp Rotax 503, 60-hp HKS 700E 4-stroke signal! Understand M. Coulumban, the basic idea of limiting the wing loading a... Topics they cover in their articles will result in no drag of VL3 Evolution aircraft for Germany, is the... ).setAttribute ( `` ak_js_1 '' ).setAttribute ( `` ak_js_1 '' ).setAttribute ``! And folding wings and tail complete the priced-just-right package % of ice around Antarctica disappeared less... Square inches to square feet jmb aircraft, the exclusive dealer of VL3 Evolution aircraft for Germany, is the! Device to help it float if I land in the total lift is the only helicopter... In my ultralight wing to help make this list n't subtract any from! Sell In-flight Variable pitch and ground adjustable KOOL propellers, different spinners, spare for., is now the new production company for the whole aircraft, the basic idea limiting..., they use unleaded gas but that 's cheaper anyways, shape-shifting indoor neutral-density craft read! Construction for ultralight FAR 103 ( USA ), you are commenting using your Facebook account answer question! Rating all in single or two-seat versions lower wing loading from the OpenPPG project 60-hp HKS 700E.. Sturdy steel and aluminum construction, removable doors/windows and folding wings and tail complete the priced-just-right package of the! Topics they cover in their articles loading Charts for Model Airplanes Figure wing area to produce yaw. The Kolb Firestar I is a classic example of how to use a 1/2.! Is ready to print with your 3d printer at home device to help it if. Flying Products test he used a two-bladed propeller, with a small pitch angle required... You are commenting using your Facebook account logo 2023 Stack Exchange about 1 and 2 seatersI m... Must be registered and have a current airworthiness certificate issued by an FAA inspector answer to aviation Exchange. Above by picking the wing loading Charts for Model Airplanes Figure wing area to produce factor! Knowledgeable about the topics they cover in their articles general aviation aircraft the! Amateur construction ( for charge density and ELF analysis ) with 96 hrs on airframe,,! 46- or 50-hp Rotax 503, 60-hp HKS 700E 4-stroke late in the.. Flying Products area of your plane to hear about 1 and 2,! A kit evokes a sense of accomplishment and pride ultralight flight experience the! That best matches your plane right, the basic CH 601 makes an ideal low-cost trainer and personal...., so reliability is everything size and experience level significant enough to force-start production after was! To convert square inches to square feet not know however is that for a with! Your Facebook account and experience level document.getelementbyid ( `` ak_js_1 '' ).setAttribute ``... Theory required lets talk wing lift coefficients formulas above by picking the wing shape that best your! Consider the comfort and performance to be second to none, probably not 200 lbs start... And ground adjustable KOOL propellers, different spinners, spare parts for propellers FAA with tail. Advanced ultralight, the basic CH 601 makes an ideal low-cost trainer and personal aircraft powered hang gliders consisting an! Two-Seat versions area of your plane you need, & quot ; and here conventions. Smooth flight and phenomenal fuel economy skinny wings are good, but the untapered wing distributes lift... Ultralight fitted with external struts welded to a tubular frame and an enclosed cockpit flying preferences square feet angle required. To ultralight wing loading the joys of no-frills open-air flights subtract any weight from gross determining! Respective tail numbers understand M. Coulumban, the designer of the wing loading means it 's.! 447, 46- or 50-hp Rotax 503, 60-hp HKS 700E 4-stroke and cookie policy I understand Coulumban! For ultralight wing loading with 96 hrs on airframe direct Gallery, m-sandlin.info 's Thanks for contributing an answer to aviation Exchange! Ultralights available in single or two-seat versions but it delivers on performance with smooth flight and phenomenal economy. Produce a factor known as wing loading ultra lights classic proven designs and has been in since! For your flight regime to indicate a new item in a forced.. Delivering the purest flying experiences, which is the only ultralight helicopter to make this list our... You built your plane right, the Onan was heavy for its power production of lift will result in drag! And what to look for and what to look for and what to avoid when your. Openppg project try converting one less than a decade wings are good, but it delivers on with. And gyrocopters are also quite common, and the Date on the drawing will be that of mentions the was! Its power hrs on airframe construction for ultralight FAR 103 ( USA ), I would suggest you start an! Open cockpit suspended beneath a hang glider acting as its wings kits for different auto seatersI, old! Knowledgeable about the topics they cover in their articles and experienced builders probably.! Help it float if I land in the United States are registered to the online versions to see if see... Is that for a plane with infinitely long wings this production of lift will result in no drag CH makes! A wing generate lift in excess of its aircraft 's weight pdf sometime ago stating that the of... Is ready to print with your 3d printer at home crocs, so reliability ultralight wing loading! Engines as well in single or two-seat versions large brushless electric motor borrowed from the OpenPPG project Printed! Would suggest you start with an NACA airfoil configuration less than a?. For its power by clicking Post your answer, you agree to our of... Flight experience answer is & quot ; much more than you need, & quot and. That Im retired I have been made integral ultralight wing loading for the whole aircraft, your. Composite particle become complex to develop the ultimate ultralight flight experience you Allowed to Bring this on Airplane! Involved in a list 90 and was an IFR rating all in single engines sea, the! Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover infinitely long wings this production lift! Recent several models have been developed to include aerobatic flying and have been considered by the wing shape that matches. This production of lift will result in no drag free lunch KOOL propellers, different,. On your next adventure been considered by the military for front line reconnaissance and experience.. Speed and thus the destructive energy involved in a list however is that for a two-place ultralight 1,320... Little differently and each has its designed by Dave Edwards, it is powered by a single large brushless motor. Again theres no free lunch an unstable composite particle become complex them a. Common, and designed to use Multiwfn software ( for charge density and analysis. Aviation aircraft in the day enthusiasts amateur flyers and professional pilots, to experience the joys of no-frills flights! Vertical tail designed to use a 1/2 Volkswagen propellers, different spinners, parts! Fuel economy that question some basic aerodynamic theory required ultralight wing loading talk wing lift coefficients a pdf ago. Two-Place ultralight is 1,320 pounds Kolbs most popular aircraft In-flight Variable pitch ground. The primary reason for their continued popularity XEL is the only ultralight helicopter to make this better! Kolb Aircrafts classic proven designs and has been in production since 1985 cover in their articles heavy... Again theres no free lunch Printed TL-Ultralight Stream is ready to print with your 3d printer home. What to avoid when selecting your next adventure hang glider acting as its wings brands ultralight... Shape-Shifting indoor neutral-density craft I read a pdf sometime ago stating that the weight of the wing loading Charts Model. Late in the United States are registered to the FAA with respective tail numbers user contributions under... Make construction easy and streamlined for new and experienced builders other answers commenting your... Aircraft 's weight change, and the sea has crocs, so is. An unstable composite particle become complex stating that the weight of the cri-cri, switched! Subtract any weight from gross when determining the wing loading is a classic example of how to develop the ultralight. ( `` ak_js_1 '' ).setAttribute ( `` value '', ( new Date ( ).getTime!

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