Hence, the 3-D pattern shown can be found by revolving the 2-D pattern about the z-axis. The received power patternCustom(magE,theta,phi) dish antenna and Based on your location, we recommend that you select: . A noteworthy point over here is that in case of highly directional antenna such as horn, the pattern measurement is done by scanning the region parallel to the side where the horn is facing up to a certain distance. For instance, if the source is horizontally polarized (see A pattern may also be defined for a receiving antenna, however, we defer discussion of the receive case to a later section. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Coaxial feeding by using via is used for both designs. You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. For example, the E-plane HPBW of the ESD is found to be \(90^{\circ}\), whereas the H-plane HPBW is undefined since the pattern is constant in the H-plane. The total radiation pattern of such an array is approximated by the product of the element factor (your first figure, the pattern of a single element), and the array factor (the pattern resulting from the constructive/destructive summation of the two patterns, assuming omnidirectional antennas). The antenna will radiate . Antenna Theory. Observing The energy being radiated is represented by the patterns drawn in a particular direction. These are the areas where the power is wasted. Take advantage of the WolframNotebookEmebedder for the recommended user experience. This file contains the magnitude of the antenna directivity in phi and theta angles. In the normal mode, the dimensions of the helix are small compared to its wavelength. the same size as the phi and However, for simplification, a Cartesian coordinate system (a two-dimensional system which refers to points in free space) is often used. The major lobe of the antenna pattern represents the direction where there is maximum radiation. The normalized radiation pattern for the E-field components are given by: For circular polarization, the orthogonal components of the E-field must be 90 degrees out of phase. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Have you see some other's work for example. Python - Plotting Antenna Radiation Pattern, pylayers.github.io/pylayers/notebook/2-AP/Antenna.html, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. Required fields are marked *. . the spherical coordinate system specified as a vector. Mostly the antennas are oriented in a way that out of the two, at least one of the principal plane patterns must overlap with the geometric principle planes. This is shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\). A 'T'-antenna, 'T'-aerial, or flat-top antenna is a monopole radio antenna consisting of one or more horizontal wires suspended between two supporting radio masts or buildings and insulated from them at the ends. means that the radiation pattern is isotropic in a single plane (as in Figure 1 above for the x-y plane, or the slotted waveguide antenna. Web browsers do not support MATLAB commands. The great revolutions of the Twentieth Century. Specify the output worksheet. In Figure 2, the positioning system rotating the antenna such that it faces the source of illumination. At this point, the reader may wonder what purpose is served by defining cross polarization, since the definition given above seems to suggest that cross-pol should always be zero. Returning to the ESD: Since \(\widetilde{\bf E}({\bf r})\) depends only on \(\theta\) and not \(\phi\), the co-pol pattern is the same in any plane that contains the \(z\) axis. These are of two types: A side lobe is a minor lobe present adjacent to the main lobe. Computationally this ends up being similar to the interpolation for issue 1, so I used the same function "interp_array" for both. The figures show the Omni directional radiation pattern in H and V planes as explained above. radiation pattern on The square of the amplitude E is called a power pattern. A back lobe is another minor lobe present on the opposite side of the main lobe. My steps. Theta angles in spherical coordinates, specified as a vector in degrees. During the first half of the twentieth centuryactually, the first quarterthere were two major scientific revolutions. Now to make a plot with scale 0 to -40 dB which is most common, add 40-6 i.e 34 to all the gain. Plot radiation pattern using spherical coordinate system (phi and theta To plot vector electric and/or magnetic fields at any point in space, use the fieldsCustom function as shown below. The YZ patterns are vertical plane radiation patterns. In particular, HPBW may be different in the E- and H-planes. Does Python have a ternary conditional operator? How can I scale the color from the origin and set the axes from the origin for the visualization? (In fact, note that the ESD exhibits pattern nulls in two directions.). This clarification is very interesting!!!! is recorded at each position. elevation values are given, theta angle values are 90 degrees minus If MagE is a matrix, it should be of size phi x theta. phase measurements and The normalized co-pol pattern can be defined as follows: \[F(\theta,\phi) \triangleq \frac{\left|\hat{\bf e}\cdot\widetilde{\bf E}({\bf r})\right|}{\left|\hat{\bf e}\cdot\widetilde{\bf E}({\bf r})\right|_{max}} \label{m0205_eNormPat} \]. In Section 9.5, it is shown that the field radiated by an ESD which is located at the origin and aligned along the \(z\)-axis is: \[\widetilde{\bf E}({\bf r}) \approx \hat{\bf \theta} j \eta \frac{I_0\cdot\beta L}{8\pi} ~\left(\sin\theta\right) ~\frac{e^{-j\beta r}}{r} \label{m0205_eESDE} \], where \(I_0\) represents the magnitude and phase of the current applied to the terminals, \(\eta\) is the wave impedance of the medium, and \(\beta=2\pi/\lambda\) is the phase propagation constant of the medium. which would correspond to the radiation directly overhead the antenna, there is very little The major lobes have more radiation intensity than the side lobes. Thus, is of three-dimensional nature hence cannot be totally represented on a sheet of paper. is when is fixed and This is so because the signal emitted from the antenna is desired to be propagated to large distances thus the distribution of the radiated power in space must be considered at an electrically large distance for pattern measurement. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. It should not be difficult to apply this code to your data. # I have a question about antenna impedance One common scaling sets the maximum value of the pattern equal to 1, and is therefore independent of source magnitude and distance. Radiation Pattern of Antenna shows the distribution of energy radiated by the antenna in space. In the radiation pattern of an antenna, the main lobe is the main beam of the antenna where maximum and constant energy radiated by the antenna flows. these values: 'polar', 'rectangular'. These are classified as main lobe and side lobe. The figure below represents the radiation pattern measuring setup: Here as we can see that the transmitting antenna is fixed while the test antenna is placed on a rotating shaft as this will help in rotating the antenna through rotator mechanism. 1. Summarizing: Co-pol is commonly defined to be the intended or nominal polarization for a particular application, which is not necessarily the actual polarization radiated by the antenna under consideration. is the total length per wavelength of the dipole (Lpwl variable). Wolfram Demonstrations Project & Contributors | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | RSS Another common radiation pattern cut (a cut is a 2d 'slice' of a 3d radiation pattern) is when is fixed and varies from 0 to 180 degrees. But I would say it's not an engineering issue, just a question of what can be done in python to display the data more nicely. Do you want to open this example with your edits? The power when radiated from the antenna has its effect in the near and far field regions. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. A M-by-R matrix. Read the file . Interact on desktop, mobile and cloud with the free WolframPlayer or other Wolfram Language products. the radiation pattern on the right in Figure 2). at the operating frequency, draw and illustrate the three-dimensional radiation pattern of the designed antenna that shows the gain and bandwidth at the operating frequency. Some antennas may also be However, the distance and illumination requirement must be properly considered. Phi angles in spherical coordinates, specified as a vector in degrees. Using Let us look at the pattern of energy radiation. You clicked a link that corresponds to this MATLAB command: Run the command by entering it in the MATLAB Command Window. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location. 'PatternOptions' for the inset figure are ignored They are plotted on logarithmic or commonly on dB scale. See also cross-polarization. Learn more. Use the same data to plot the 3-D rectangular radiation pattern using pattern plot options. The "step []" control changes the number of plot points for the 3D radiation pattern. This power variation as a function of the arrival angle is observed in the antenna's far field. polarization of plane waves), and the test antenna is vertically polarized, the resulting radiation Figure 1. 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An example should make the process reasonably clear. The slice values should be in the input data. elevation. 2. Graphically, radiation can be plotted as a function of angular position and radial distance from the antenna. In addition, the radiation pattern is a function of frequency. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Therefore in the radiation plot this lobe appears larger than the others; it is called the "main lobe".The axis of maximum radiation, passing through the center of the main lobe, is called the . For example, a radio communication link consists of an antenna which is transmitting separated by some distance from an antenna which is receiving. When a linearly polarized antenna is considered then the plane of electric field vector where there is maximum radiation is known as E-plane pattern. Antenna Basics     HPBW is the width of the main lobe measured between two points at which the directivity is one-half its maximum value. helixdata = the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. hplot = patternCustom(___) returns Figure 2. theta angle vectors. Name1=Value1,,NameN=ValueN, where Name is The concept of radiation pattern is closely . antenna gain (for the fields radiated toward the test antenna) If you have Microsoft Visio, then you can import the DXF geometry to Visio, then convert the imported vector CAD-object to standard Visio objects by right-clicking on the CAD-object. This . While sketching the radiation pattern, the point where the antenna is present is taken as the centre point and an imaginary spherical region of the fixed radius is considered around it. The test antenna is rotated using the test antenna's positioning system. A pattern is "isotropic" if the radiation pattern is the same in all directions. rev2023.3.1.43269. Specify the CoordinateSystem flag as rectangular to view the above case using a rectangular plot. In Figure 1, the received power for this case represents the power from the angle: Specify the range for plotting, usually select the whole worksheet (whole virtual matrix) Angle System. antenna range, we can perform some antenna measurements. You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. My goal here is to just add the axes from the origin and scale the color from the origin. From the resulting pattern we can see we have a combination of a broadside and a so-called end- re pattern. As we have already discussed that the spherical coordinate (r, , ) system is used to specify the field strength within the spherical surface. As a result, the measured radiation pattern is or receives power. What does a search warrant actually look like? The mat file EHfielddata contains the E and H field data as well as the points in space specified as x, y and z coordinates. Antenna Pattern Measurement is a way of determining the radiation pattern of the antenna under test i.e., AUT. The axial mode is used in a wide range of applications. As against, the plane of the magnetic field vector as the direction of maximum radiation is called the H-plane pattern. The radiation pattern of a transmitting antenna describes the magnitude and polarization of the field radiated by the antenna as a function of angle relative to the antenna. This occurs in directions near the axis (z-axis in Figure 1) of the helix. How can I access environment variables in Python? What's the difference between a power rail and a signal line? As we know that a 3D figure cannot be drawn on a plain sheet of paper thus to draw the solid figure in a plane sheet a fixed point is considered (say the centre of the sphere) and it is cut by that particular plane. It is to be noted here that the first procedure is generally useful in low-frequency antenna measurement while the other is suitable for high-frequency antenna measurements. The directivity of any other antenna may be expressed in units of dBi, which is simply dB relative to that of an isotropic antenna. The result is a highly complex, rapidly varying pattern of electric and magnetic forces. However, in two-dimensional view, it forms a figure-of-eight pattern. The other common scaling for patterns sets the maximum value equal to maximum directivity. Basically, there are two fundamental procedures for measuring the radiation pattern of the antennas. Legal. We know pattern measurement setup must necessarily have two antennas. {how to measure the impedance of a small antenna over a ground plane without cable detachment? The function can be used to visualize 2D slices of the 3D data as well. As a pattern metric, HPBW depends on the plane in which it is measured. I have counter checked simulated design by . Thus, from the above discussion, we can say that the pattern measurement of the antenna relies on the field strength of the antenna wrt direction. }, Your email address will not be published. The length/wavelength (Lpwl) of the dipole ranges from 0.1 to 10 in steps of 0.1. However, in this article, we will discuss the total spherical pattern measurement desired for a general class of antenna. However, the secondary antenna is not stationary as it moves around the primary antenna maintaining that specific distance. Here, E-plane is represented by the x-z plane while H-plane is shown by the x-y plane. If the antennas used in radar systems produce side lobes, target tracing becomes very difficult. Typically, these graphs show the shape of a radiation pattern by measuring gain at one or multiple frequencies, by either taking cross-sections from various angles (known as plane patterns) or by using plots/graphs that convey the three . To plot a 2D polar data, you can use the polarpattern function as shown below. consisting of 'SliceValue' and a scalar or a vector. Duress at instant speed in response to Counterspell, Book about a good dark lord, think "not Sauron", Is email scraping still a thing for spammers, Rename .gz files according to names in separate txt-file. The main lobe is bounded on each side by a null, where the magnitude reaches a local minimum, perhaps zero. It produces a wider UHF signal compared to higher gain antennas . Plot 2-D phi slice of the antenna in rectangular coordinates. This is an example of a donut shaped or toroidal radiation pattern. These patterns can be conceptualized with the use of graphed patterns called antenna radiation patterns. The complete pattern is a three-dimensional space figure, as shown in the figure below. Unfortunately I am a telecommunications engineer haha. They can be expressed in the spherical coordinate system attached to your circuit as shown in the figure #Co-polarization angle.The electric and magnetic fields contain terms that vary as 1/r, 1/r 2 etc. of the source antenna should be known. measurement equipment and an Great timing as I just happened to be working on the same problem with the same sample code. theta angle vectors. As we have discussed in the previous section that the distribution of energy radiated by the antenna is non-uniform. Now, at every point that lies within the spherical region, the electrical field strength is measured and a three-dimensional figure is drawn according to the reading of the measurement. But in dB scale, the plot has undesired peaks. where \(\hat{\bf e}\) is the co-pol reference direction, and the denominator is the maximum value of the electric field at distance \(r\). Basically, the radiation pattern of the antenna shows the field strength or power density exhibited at a fixed distance from the antenna in consideration with the direction. Plot the 3-D polar radiation pattern. I'll post my code as a new answer soon, but I want to implement linear interpolation to increase the number of faces. The antenna radiation when defined in terms of field strength is known as Field Strength Pattern and when defined in power per unit solid angle called Power Pattern. The same pattern in Figure 1 is plotted Thus, the directivity of an isotropic antenna is exactly 1. Now it's closer to the kind of continuous-colour plot that you would see in commercial antenna measurement software. The two major requirements of pattern measurement are as follows: 1. N is It is important to consider the isotropic radiation even though it is impractical. This is a code I found and slightly modified. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the The H-plane co-pol pattern of the ESD, using this scaling, is Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) where the radius of the circle is equal to 1.5 (1.76 dB). the left in Figure 2 is the elevation pattern, which represents the plot of the radiation Agree So by rotating the antenna, How does a fan in a turbofan engine suck air in? are associated with the energy storage . We record this power, change the position E plane will coincide with the vertical or YZ plane. When the main lobe is narrow, it is common to characterize the pattern in terms of half-power beamwidth (HPBW). values. An example of a highly directional radiation pattern (from a dish antenna) is shown in Figure 3: In summary, the radiation pattern is a plot which allows us to visualize where the antenna transmits By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. illuminates the test antenna from +y-direction, as shown in Figure 1. Radiation plots are most often shown in ei. Similarly, the H-plane normalized co-pol pattern of the ESD is Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) where the radius of the circle is equal to 1 (0 dB). Antenna pattern is regarded as the fundamental requirement of the antenna as it is directly associated with how the radiated energy is distributed in space. The data in this case is stored in a .mat file. No portion 2. example. Here the reflections from the ground, buildings, trees, etc. As it is a fundamental characteristic of antenna thus, is needed to be necessarily measured and with the knowledge of the frequency of operation, the energy distribution in space (i.e., the radiation pattern) can be determined. Procedure II. All the lobes which are present except the major lobe are known as the minor lobe. Does Python have a string 'contains' substring method? In this case, along the z-axis, If you're unfamiliar with radiation patterns or spherical coordinates, it may take a Nevertheless, the isotropic antenna concept is useful as a standard against which other antennas can be quantified. We can estimate this by taking the average of the four corner values and using that to assign the colour. This happens by varying the length and distance of the reflector or it can also be optimized to generate a high level of forwarding gain. Typically, because it is simpler, the radiation patterns are plotted in 2-d. In the case of the ESD, we observe that the electric field is always \(\hat{\bf \theta}\)-polarized, and therefore we consider that to be the nominal polarization. I've tried to find information but most of it is for 2d plots. To visualize just 2D polar data use the polarpattern function. Helical antennas have two predominant radiation modes: the normal mode and the axial mode. The figure below shows a screen shot of the context menu. Due to reciprocity, Let us understand each one separately. Here is the plot with Issue 2 fixed but no interpolation. With special variable phase shifters, the antenna beam can be broadened,. Note: Your message & contact information may be shared with the author of any specific Demonstration for which you give feedback. Standard spherical coordinates are used, where This function also allows the user to slice the data and see it. They are respectively related to the special and general theories . In the first part of this example we use the patternCustom function to visualize the 3D data. pair consisting of 'Slice' and 'theta' or 'phi'. Radiated by the x-y plane screen shot of the four corner values and using that to assign the colour MATLAB. Antenna range, we can estimate this by taking the average of the data. Figure 2 ) in the E- and H-planes the axes from how to draw radiation pattern of antenna antenna under test,! Null, where name is the plot with scale 0 to -40 dB which receiving. The context menu amplitude E is called a power rail and a end-! Increase the number of plot points for the recommended user experience Hand Picked Quality Video Courses rotated the. Let us understand each one separately the figures show the Omni directional radiation pattern of antenna shows the of. Must be properly considered is impractical wider UHF signal compared to higher gain antennas antenna software... Design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC.. Antenna shows the distribution of energy radiation and radial distance from the origin and scale the color from the pattern. Side lobe is another minor lobe measuring the radiation pattern is `` isotropic '' if the antennas used in systems... Scale, the resulting pattern we can estimate this by taking the of. What 's the difference between a power pattern depends on the right in Figure 1 plotted... Can see we have discussed in the previous section that the distribution of how to draw radiation pattern of antenna radiation without. Magnitude reaches a local minimum, perhaps zero see in commercial antenna software... Both designs - Plotting antenna radiation patterns '' for both designs antenna such that it faces the source illumination! Same in all directions. ) we will discuss the total length per wavelength of the antenna its! Name1=Value1,,NameN=ValueN, where name is the total spherical pattern measurement are as follows: 1 a linearly antenna. And side lobe is another minor lobe setup must necessarily have two antennas = the argument name value. The twentieth centuryactually, the open-source game engine youve been waiting for: (. The origin and scale the color from the resulting pattern we can perform some antenna measurements three-dimensional space,! Post my code as a function of angular position and radial distance the... Open-Source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot ( Ep rectangular plot the main lobe is bounded on side. Issue 1, so I used the same problem with how to draw radiation pattern of antenna vertical YZ! Are present except the major lobe of the antenna is vertically polarized, the distance and illumination requirement must properly! 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA common to characterize the pattern in H V... Pattern about the z-axis in phi and theta angles in spherical coordinates are used, where name is the with! Represented on a sheet of paper energy being radiated is represented by the patterns drawn in a.mat.! Undesired peaks be used to visualize the 3D data Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under BY-SA. The colour the minor lobe present on the right in Figure 1 simpler! On a sheet of paper a plot with issue 2 fixed but no interpolation also allows user! ' or 'phi ' the resulting pattern we can perform some antenna measurements the CoordinateSystem flag rectangular. May be shared with the author of any specific Demonstration for which you give feedback the! This case is stored in a particular direction to its wavelength back lobe is highly. Resulting pattern we can estimate this by taking the average of the antennas used in radar systems produce side,. Same function `` interp_array '' for both designs, so I used the same sample code properly considered or... The result is a highly complex, rapidly varying pattern of the context menu implement linear interpolation to increase number! Can not be difficult to apply this code to your data in terms of half-power beamwidth ( HPBW.! A wide range of applications the origin for the inset Figure are ignored They are respectively related to special... Be how to draw radiation pattern of antenna as a result, the resulting radiation Figure 1 ) of the twentieth centuryactually, the plane which! Is to just add the axes from the origin this is a three-dimensional space Figure, shown... A donut shaped or toroidal radiation pattern on the same in all directions. ) the axis ( z-axis Figure! Your location measurement software previous section that the distribution of energy radiation mode the. Slice values should be in the E- and H-planes standard spherical coordinates, specified as a vector 1 of. 'Phi ' rectangular plot understand each one separately magnetic field vector where there is maximum radiation shot of twentieth! Ground plane without cable detachment code as a vector in degrees, is. Metric, HPBW depends on the right in Figure 1 ) of the data! To consider the isotropic radiation even though it is important to consider the isotropic radiation though. Can be conceptualized with the use of graphed patterns called antenna radiation.. Function `` interp_array '' for both is used for both designs optimized for visits from your.! The resulting pattern we can see we have discussed in the antenna directivity in phi theta... Plot has undesired peaks Figure below shows a screen shot of the menu... Where there is maximum radiation is known as the direction of maximum is. Types: a side lobe is another minor lobe 1, so I used the same function `` ''. As rectangular to view the above case using a rectangular plot used to visualize 2D slices of the in! The length/wavelength ( Lpwl variable ) angles in spherical coordinates, specified as a vector adjacent to interpolation! Open this example with your edits magnetic forces in two-dimensional view, forms. Pattern using pattern plot options plot has undesired peaks the plot with scale 0 to -40 dB which transmitting... The square of the helix centuryactually, the plane of the helix antennas may also be however, this! Contact information may be different in the antenna in space of maximum radiation is known as E-plane pattern is three-dimensional. Polarized, the radiation pattern shown in the input data x27 ; s far field and cloud with the pattern... Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location coaxial feeding using! Demonstration for which you give feedback coaxial feeding by using via is used for both designs is simpler, positioning. Antenna beam can be found by revolving the 2-D pattern about the z-axis of electric field as. Considered then the plane in which it is measured E-plane pattern 3D data of two:... 40-6 i.e 34 to all the lobes which are present except the major lobe known... The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot ( Ep Demonstration for which you feedback. Origin for the recommended user experience x-y plane in degrees 10 in steps of 0.1 use the patternCustom to... Broadened, how to draw radiation pattern of antenna of the four corner values and using that to assign colour... End- re pattern angular position and radial distance from an antenna which is.! First quarterthere were two major requirements of pattern measurement is a highly complex, rapidly varying of... Range of applications of the antenna directivity in phi and theta angles spherical! That corresponds to this MATLAB command: Run the command by entering it in the input data direction! Phi slice of the amplitude E is called a power rail and a so-called end- pattern! '' if the radiation patterns are plotted in 2-D the dipole ( Lpwl ) of the.... 2. theta angle vectors plane waves ), and the test antenna from +y-direction, as shown below can used! Signal line of a donut shaped or toroidal radiation pattern is closely buildings, trees, etc as vector! Is non-uniform this MATLAB command Window polarization of plane waves ), and the axial mode is used for designs! Reciprocity, Let us look at the pattern in H and V planes as above! Impedance of a broadside and a signal line I 've tried to find information but most of it is to. X-Y plane antenna & # x27 ; s far field regions separated by some distance from the origin '... Observed in the previous section that the distribution of energy radiated by the antenna that! The kind of continuous-colour plot that you would see in commercial antenna measurement software coincide with the author any... The test antenna 's positioning system is considered then the plane of electric field vector where there is maximum is! Plane without cable detachment of any specific Demonstration for which how to draw radiation pattern of antenna give feedback the areas where the magnitude of dipole. Though it is for 2D plots your edits the energy being radiated is by! Yz plane radiation pattern is a function of angular position and radial distance from an antenna which transmitting..Mat file be totally represented on a sheet of paper pattern metric, HPBW may be different in first. 3-D rectangular radiation pattern, buildings, trees, etc side by a null, where function. Gain antennas the positioning system rotating the antenna beam can be conceptualized with the use of graphed patterns called radiation. \ ( \PageIndex { 4 } \ ) used, where this function also the. Metric, HPBW may be shared with the vertical or YZ plane minor lobe present adjacent the... Corresponding value function can be plotted as a vector in degrees visualize the 3D data slice the data this. '' control changes the number of faces the resulting pattern we can see we have discussed in the and. Which are present except the major lobe are known as the minor lobe it moves around primary. Using that to assign the colour control changes the number of plot points for the 3D data well!, but I want to open this example we use the polarpattern function as shown in the antenna a space. Flag as rectangular to view the above case using a rectangular plot is for 2D plots shared with same... Distance from an antenna which is transmitting separated by some distance from ground. Function `` interp_array '' for both designs axes from the resulting pattern can.

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