Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation. 15, 10421060. This process resulted in the identification of themes that were summarized in a textural and structural description of the teachers experiences. The steps for this reduction process are known as: bracketing, delimiting, horizonalization, and clustering. Since we are interested in cross-cultural experiences, in the past, for example, we used such phenomenological qualitative type of investigation to find out what it is like for Saudi international students to transition from a gender-segregated society to a mixed-gender environment while studying and living as international students (Alhazmi and Nyland, 2013, 2015). 1000 Regent University Drive, Virginia Beach, VA 23464. Phenomenological Reduction and Emergent Design: Complementary Methods for Leadership Narrative Interpretation and Metanarrative Development (1931) and translated into a qualitative method by Moustakas (1994), holds promise as a viable procedure for phenomenological research. At the time of his pivotal experience, he was on his way to perpetrate more of this behavior specifically against the believers in Damascusto arrest and imprison them (Acts 9:1,2). Even though phenomenological method is criticised for complicated ideas and few methodological guidelines, I argue, that the. Intentionality is the direction of the content of a mental state. Pharaoh was not willing to fully experience an epoche and, consumed by his own noetic and noematic paradigms, led his empire (i.e., organization) to suffer interminable losses and be gutted of leadership and resources (Ex 7:1 14: 28, 29). In the wider field of media arts practice engagement with virtual worlds as spaces for artistic practice (and protest), challenges Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. In particular, the study of cross-cultural experience involves two aspects: first is what we can call a transitioning experience between two cultures. Int. This new ruler was fearful that the multitudes of the Israelites would turn against the Egyptians and side with their enemies and decreed that heavy oppression must be used to subdue the Israelites (Ex 1:9-14). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. The cookie is set by embedded Microsoft scripts. In other words, phenomenology, in its original form, is an attempt to explore the relationship between the knower and the known, which is an epistemological issue in philosophy rather than an ontological position. This process is difficult as well as the most critical one (Wertz, 1985) because the entire investigation depends on these units of meaning. In order to capture and explicate the essence and the structures constituting the experience encountered by the participants nine steps can be followed: (a) transcribing participants interviews, (b) developing a sense of the whole, (c) developing meaning units for each participants experience (horizontalisation), (d) clustering relevant units of meanings, (e) translating the meaning units, (f) developing textural (i.e., narrative) descriptions for each individual, (g) searching for essential structures that could express the entire textural description, (h) evaluating the textural description, and (i) synthesising the structure from all participants accounts. The present strategy allows a researcher to dialogue with both the participants and the data to produce a multi-layered description of the experience. Sousa, D. (2014). (eds.) It is in this covenantal act of freeing His people (Ex 6:1-8) that the word given to Abram regarding the time of sojourn and affliction of His people in a foreign land has fulfilled its time (Gen 15:13), the same spoken of by Paul in Galatians 3:17. 29, 900907. The design is aimed to provide the researcher and the audience, with an opportunity to test and experience the phenomenon through descriptions of the essence of the experience. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. We may use cookies and technologies to record sessions and collect data to improve user's experience. In spite of multiple tangible evidences of an unwise decision, counsel from advisors, the obliteration of crops and structures, and the physical and emotional sufferings of his people, Pharaoh remained in a state of continued escalation of commitment. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approach. The researchers aim is that of identifying the essential and invariant structure (i.e., the essence) of the lived experience as this is described by the participants (Moustakas, 1994; Crotty, 1998; Cresswell, 2008). Therefore, to avoid misleading uses of terminology, the suggestion is to use the term data explication, which Groenewald (2004) suggested. Q. 17, 13721380. Crafting Phenomenological Research. Though philosophically sensible, the terminology somehow lacks clarity even when defined. Sci. H. P. Rickman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Keywords: Phenomenological Research Methodology, Bracketing, Intuiting, Analyzing, Describing 1.0. Mediation and internalization, in The Routledge Handbook of Sociocultural Second Language Development. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117, 249-260. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.11.009, Flood, G. D. (2006). eds. Noetic-noematic schema represents the connection between an individual and the world (Sousa, 2014). A. The basic philosophical assumption underlying a phenomenological investigation is that truth can be found and can exist within the individual lived experience (Spiegelberg and Schuhmann, 1982). Historical Background of the Phenomenological Reduction a. Husserls Early Works Since the main burden of this article lies in the specific area of the phenomenological reduction, it is not necessary to go into great detail regarding Husserls early work beyond noting that it dealt almost exclusively with mathematics and logic; and that it is the ground out of 21, 3351. This will be considered describing past experience as mediated experience in the final analysis. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Stephanie Sheehan at ssheehan@southern.edu. Metaphysical, epistemological, and methodological objections. Indo-Pacific J. Phenomenol. At this stage, the attitude is to go through the transcripts with an open-minded attitude, as much as possible (Hycner, 1985). WebMoustakas starts with discussing different human science perspectives and models. At each request by Moses for Pharaoh to heed the word of God to free His people, Pharaoh resisted and made the decision not to free the Israelites (Ex 6 11). Philos. Christofi, V., and Thompson, C. L. (2007). The sixth step consists in constructing a description of the texture of the experience from the clustered meaning units. Competing paradigms in qualitative research, in Handbook of Qualitative Research. Therefore, the knowledge that an individual hold about the phenomenon is mediated and one cannot have pure or unmediated access which is other than a subjective mediated knowledge (Barnacle, 2001, p. 7). Steentoft, D. (2005). In this brief volume, Clark Moustakas clearly explains the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. This assumption was supported by Dilthey (1979, p. 161) who said that undistorted reality only exists for us in the facts of consciousness given by inner experience (, and) the analysis of these facts is the core of the human studies. Basic themes of transcendental phenomenology are intentionality, eidetic reduction, and constitution of meaning. By transcendental phenomenology we refer primarily to the work of Edmund Husserl and his early assistants Edith Stein and Eugen Fink. Can we trust the phenomenological interview? The Formation of Arab Reason: Text, Tradition and the Construction of Modernity in the Arab World. After the interviews are conducted with all the participants, the interview recordings are transcribed. Such uncertainty is due to the multidimensional aspects that constitute and form an individuals experiences, including ongoing and mediated behaviour (Karpov and Haywood, 1998), feelings, and cognition. 1 110. A., Renfrow, D. G., and Howard, J. doi: 10.1177/1049732307307031. Ivancevich, J. M., Konopaske, R., & Matteson, M. T. (2011). Anal. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. This discourse served as an indictment against the current leaders (Wiersbe, 1989) and resulted in the climactic and violent death of Stephen. This assumption leads to the next epistemological assumption held in this investigation, which claims that knowing other peoples experiences is the outcome of constructed and dialogical knowledge. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.014, Keywords: qualitative research, phenomenology, cross-cultural analysis, educational research, experience, Citation: Alhazmi AA and Kaufmann A (2022) Phenomenological Qualitative Methods Applied to the Analysis of Cross-Cultural Experience in Novel Educational Social Contexts. Blum (2012) described epoche as the suspension of this natural attitude (p. 1032), allowing things, events, and people to enter anew into consciousness, and to look and see them again, as if for the first time (p. 85). Webway, the phenomenological reduction is the methodological tool that opens the phenomenological field for study; it is the avenue of access to phenomenology and its objects, to borrow a phrase from Gurwitsch (1966: 175). The researchers need to identify their aim very carefully by focusing on the lived experience of the subject being interviewed and on the structure of such experience rather than on the opinion of the participants about the experience. The epistemological question is the real dilemma, and this concerns who is invested in the study of human consciousness. The first element is intentionality. Qual. The end result of Pharaohs immovable and irrational decision was the severe suffering of the people, animals, agriculture, economy, and a devastatingly high death toll. Stud. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Dilthey, W. (1979). Therefore, the assumption held here is that knowledge is the outcome of a conscious act towards the thing to be known (Hughes and Sharrock, 1997). Yet, his decision to disregard God remains. doi: 10.1177/1049732318817547, Zahavi, D. (2019b). Humanist. Sharpanskykh, A. WebMoustakas presents the reader with a historical overview and assessment of phenomenological research methodologies along with a review of the philosophical underpinnings of these methods. 'S experience Konopaske, R., & Matteson, M. T. ( 2011 ) we call! 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