night of broken glass quizlet
Kristallnacht. Heydrich and Himmler were interested in fostering Jewish emigration. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Library bibliography: Kristallnacht, Teaching Materials on the Roles of Individuals, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. It would become known as Kristallnacht, "the night of broken glass." His deputy Joseph Goebbels orchestrated the violence across Germany. New York: Praeger, 1990. Being a Jew is not a crime, Grynszpan said. On the 1st of April 1933, the SA organized a boycott of all Jewish shops and businesses. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, a chief instigator of the Kristallnacht pogroms, suggested to the convened Nazi 'Old Guard' that 'World Jewry' had conspired to commit the assassination. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In The. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions . [57] Rolf Dessauers recalls how a neighbor came forward and restored a portrait of Paul Ehrlich that had been "slashed to ribbons" by the Sturmabteilung. ("Mir wre lieber gewesen, ihr httet 200 Juden erschlagen und httet nicht solche Werte vernichtet!"). Convo. Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7, 1938. (a) retreat, (b) urge, (c) spur, (d) goad. "[75] It discredited pro-Nazi movements in Europe and North America, leading to a sharp decline in their support. destroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries. According to eyewitness Esther Harris: "They ripped up the belongings, the books, knocked over furniture, shouted obscenities". In response to the news of Nazi terror against Jews, Americans protested in cities including New York and Los Angeles. How did leaders, diplomats, and citizens around the world respond to the events of the Holocaust? Shards of glass littered the streets. November 10, 1938. [21] In a 1997 interview, the German historian Hans Mommsen claimed that a major motive for the pogrom was the desire of the Gauleiters of the NSDAP to seize Jewish property and businesses. They served in the German army and navy and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture. READ MORE: Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. They found themselves stranded in a refugee camp near the town of Zbaszyn in the border region between Poland and Germany. Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the, on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies., At his press conference on November 15, 1938, one week after, Despite the increasing threat faced by Jews living under Nazi rule in Germany and Austria, President Roosevelt knew that he would not be able to persuade Congress to reconsider, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. Click the card to flip . Brick-throwing mobs. November 9th 1938. . On the night of November 9, 1938, violent Nazi mobs viciously attacked the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. The broken glass in the streets prompted the name "Kristallnacht," or Crystal Night. [72], Martin Sasse, Nazi Party member and bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia, leading member of the Nazi German Christians, one of the schismatic factions of German Protestantism, published a compendium of Martin Luther's writings shortly after the Kristallnacht; Sasse "applauded the burning of the synagogues" and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's license or own an automobile. tags: holocaust , night-of-the-broken-glass , pogroms. The name refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after the violence. Sturmbateilung which means storm troopers. That ended in the most vicious and heinous manner, 75 years ago Saturday, in what became known as Kristallnacht "The Night of Broken Glass." The broken glass was from Jewish homes and . Glass in my thoughts. New York: Berg, 1991. After Kristallnacht, conditions for German Jews grew increasingly worse. The local fire departments confined themselves to prevent the flames from spreading to neighboring buildings. However, Life magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue. The quota system remained unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s. Lucas, Eric. This is what the Nazis say caused Kristallnacht. Hear the fear in this night. British Library.9 November 1938: Kristallnacht. Jewish Museum Berlin.Breckinridge Long. He opined that events which were then taking place, such as deforestation and ozone depletion, prefigured a greater environmental catastrophe in the same way that Kristallnacht prefigured the Holocaust. Although violence against Jews had not been explicitly condoned by the authorities, there were cases of Jews being beaten or assaulted. [17] The subsequent 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jewish Germans. Over 1,000 synagogues, some 3 centuries old, were burned and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. In its aftermath, German officials announced that Kristallnacht had erupted as a spontaneous outburst of public sentiment in response to the assassination of Ernst vom Rath. SA and Hitler Youth units throughout Germany and its annexed territories engaged in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses. antique, Identify the word that is not related in meaning to the other words in the set. Other Americans called for an increase in the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country. The immediate reaction by the Gestapo was to push the Polish Jews16,000 personsover the borderline, but this measure failed due to the stubbornness of the Polish customs officers. [6] Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed,[7][8] and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps. cit. TTY: 202.488.0406. It's So Useless 9. Among those expelled was the family of Sendel and Riva Grynszpan, Polish Jews who had emigrated to Germany in 1911 and settled in Hanover, Germany. The night of broken glass. KFC issued an apology approximately an hour later, blaming the original message on an "error in our system". November 1938 | ZbE", "The deportation of Regensburg Jews to Dachau concentration camp", "Kristallnacht remnants unearthed near Berlin", "NEW CAMPAIGN AGAINST JEWS NAZI OUTBREAKS", http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/11/8/1383904706426/goebbels-001.jpg, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700, "Telegram protesting against the persecution of Jews in Germany", "Post-War Justice Sites of the Novemberpogrom 1938 in Innsbruck", "Millionaire Apologizes for Comparing Progressives to Nazis, Says His Watch Is Worth a '6-Pack of Rolexes', "Tom Perkins: Billionaire venture capitalist ridiculed after writing letter comparing the treatment of rich Americans to the Holocaust", "Tom Perkins Responds To Nazi Germany And 1 Percent Criticism, Says Kristallnacht Was 'Terrible Word To Have Chosen', "St. Louis Jewish cemetery rededicated after gravestones toppled by vandals - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post", "Holocaust Memorial in Boston damaged for second time this summer - The Boston Globe", "Finance minister slams Judenboykott, Kristallnacht re-enaction against Muslims in Sri Lanka", "Schwarzenegger compares Capitol mob violence to Kristallnacht destruction by Nazis in viral video", "Schwarzenegger rebukes Trump and compares Capitol riot to Kristallnacht", "KFC apologises after German Kristallnacht promotion", "Interview with Miriam Ron, Witness to the Events of Kristallnacht", "The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Kristallnacht", "Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 910, 1938", "Kristallnacht: The November 1938 Pogroms", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&oldid=1142342439, Durance, Jonathan. The turning point. The violence was instigated primarily by Nazi Party officials and members of the SA (Sturmabteilung: commonly known as Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth. The event was widely covered in the international press and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent . Kristallnacht was a turning point in the beginning of the Nazi Holocaust. The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest anti-Semite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews. W ha t wa s Kri s t a l l na c ht ? The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. Some 30,000 Jewish males aged 16 to 60 were arrested. "[19] The international vian Conference on 6 July 1938 addressed the issue of Jewish and Romani immigration to other countries. Scheer, Regina (1993). The War Economy. View the list of all donors. Meg Wiviott is the author of the award winning picture book BENNO AND THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS, which tells the story of Kristallnacht through the eyes of a cat. Long took an obstructionist role in granting visas to European Jews, and maintained this policy even when America entered World War II after the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Broken glass. [78], After the end of World War II, there were hundreds of trials over Kristallnacht. siriequinox. 54 terms. Nearly 100 Jews were killed duringKristallnachtand 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps. 1 / 15. kristalnacht. Did you know? Cuti Sekolah. It was 2 a.m., but the sky was already bright. Night of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many jews and destroyed many jewish propertys. olice arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be provoked in the future by parasites of the Jewish race. The German authorities looked on without intervening. It is also known as the "Night of Broken Glass". Word of his death reached Hitler that evening while he was with several key members of the Nazi party at a dinner commemorating the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. [85], Kristallnacht was the inspiration for the 1988 composition Mayn Yngele by the composer Frederic Rzewski, of which he says: "I began writing this piece in November 1988, on the 50th anniversary of the Kristallnacht My piece is a reflection on that vanished part of Jewish tradition which so strongly colors, by its absence, the culture of our time". Jewish homes, hospitals and schools were ransacked as attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. [77] Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them. They helped with the destruction on Kristallnacht. Pehle, Walter H., editor. Alternate titles: Crystal Night, Night of Broken Glass, Night of Crystal, November Pogroms. Among the items found were glass bottles engraved with the Star of David, mezuzot, painted window sills, and the armrests of chairs found in synagogues, in addition to an ornamental swastika. read more, Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris on the morning of November 7, 1938. It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jrgen Dscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. Geschichte und Geschichten Feiner Lebenswelt in der Mitte Berlins (Gesellschaft Hackesche Hfe e.V. [53] The majority went to other European countries, the U.S. and Mandatory Palestine, and at least 14,000 made it to Shanghai, China. Vom Rath was a German embassy official stationed in Paris. This cat's-eye view introduces the Holocaust to children in a gentle way that can open discussion of this period. Kristallnacht marked a turning point in relations between Nazi Germany and the rest of the world. Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht? A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. [68], In view of this being a totalitarian state a surprising characteristic of the situation here is the intensity and scope among German citizens of condemnation of the recent happenings against Jews. Jews were required to pay for the cost of all damages caused by the pogrom to their residences and businesses. Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass Survivors and Remembering the Kristallnacht Conception of the Nazis Concentration Camps "Ever and so, the Nazi conceptions of race and the evil Jewish origins of modernity cannot themselves explain the revolutionary idea of time the Nazis. Kristallnacht - "The Night of Broken Glass" January 18, 2016Adrian Lockhart On November 9, 1938, 90 Jews were murdered, over 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up and taken to concentration camps, and about 7,500 Jewish business were destroyed and looted. Latin, or Old Norse source word and its meaning. Goebbels needed a chance to improve his standing in the eyes of Hitler. https://www.britannica.com/event/Kristallnacht, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Kristallnacht, Kristallnacht - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Soon after Adolf Hitler became Germanys chancellor in January 1933, he began instituting policies that isolated German Jews and subjected them to persecution. Click the card to flip . The German government made an immediate pronouncement that the Jews themselves were to blame for the pogrom and imposed a fine of one billion Reichsmark (some 400 million US dollars at 1938 rates) on the German Jewish community. In the weeks that followed, the German government promulgated dozens of laws and decrees designed to deprive Jews of their property and of their means of livelihood. Members of many units wore civilian clothes to support the fiction that the disturbances were expressions of 'outraged public reaction.'. ", [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea] - [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], Goebbels' words appear to have been taken as a command for unleashing the violence. On November 15th, President Roosevelt said, The news of the past few days from Germany has deeply shocked public opinion in the United States I myself could scarcely believe that such things could occur in a 20th-century civilization., But when asked ifhe would recommend relaxingthe countrys strict immigration lawsto allow more Jewish refugees into theUnited StatesFDRreplied, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system.. The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. Label boxes with PI name and room number. The cost of the broken window glass alone came to millions of Reichsmarks. This event came to be called Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) because of the shattered glass that littered the streets after the vandalism and destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes. The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan. I should not want to leave any doubt, gentlemen, as to the aim of today's meeting. These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life. The Night of Broken Glass marked a turning point in theNazi war against the Jews. Although the violence was orchestrated at the highest levels, the Nazis called it a spontaneous reaction to the assassination of a low-level German diplomat in Paris. They were involved in the destruction on Kristallnacht. [citation needed], The avant-garde guitarist Gary Lucas's 1988 composition "Verklrte Kristallnacht", which juxtaposes what would become the Israeli national anthem ten years after Kristallnacht, "Hatikvah", with phrases from the German national anthem "Deutschland ber Alles" amid wild electronic shrieks and noise, is intended to be a sonic representation of the horrors of Kristallnacht. "[81], While November 1938 predated the overt articulation of "the Final Solution", it foreshadowed the genocide to come. The violence of Kristallnacht served notice to Jews worldwide that Nazi anti-Semitism was not a temporary predicament and would only intensify. Package nonhazardous lab glass and plastic waste items in sturdy cardboard boxes. In the aftermath of Kristallnacht (Crystal Night or the Night of Broken Glass), some 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps. Of course the "Night of Broken Glass" refers to Kristallnacht, an event that many feel marked the beginning of the Holocaust. German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending German schools. The Nazi Party leadership, assembled in Munich for the commemoration, chose to use the occasion as a pretext to launch a night of antisemitic excesses. Businesses have normal opening hours. Hammer I Miss You 8. "Our Jewish Brethren: Christian Responses to Kristallnacht in Canadian Mass Media.". This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. Nazi propaganda alienated 500,000 Jews in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, and framed them as an enemy responsible for Germany's defeat in the First World War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920s hyperinflation and subsequent Great Depression. During the week, he napped in a sunny corner of Mitzi Stein's dress shop and begged scrapped from Moshe the butcher. Shrill screams shattered. [65] Some Nazis helped Jews during the Kristallnacht. [80] In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, "Kristallnacht cameand everything was changed. Write a paragraph describing the effect of Three Mile Island on U.S. energy policy. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b], [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. 11 terms. Synagoguesburned throughout the night. Vom Rath was a professional diplomat with the Foreign Office who expressed anti-Nazi sympathies, largely based on the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and was under Gestapo investigation for being politically unreliable. He announced that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the Party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. Vom Rath died on November 9, 1938, two days after the shooting. Violence began to erupt in various parts of the Reich throughout the late evening and early morning hours of November 910. magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue. After Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the medal. While the Nazi party was interested in improving its financial strength on the regional and local level by taking over Jewish property, Hermann Gring, in charge of the Four-Year Plan, hoped to acquire access to foreign currency in order to pay for the import of urgently-needed raw material. Graml, Anti-Semitism, p. 13 cited in Friedlnder, op.cit., p 272. [72] A Protestant parson spoke out in 1943 and was sent to Dachau concentration camp where he died after a few days. November 9th 1938. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an . As the number of Jews and Romani wanting to leave increased, the restrictions against them grew, with many countries tightening their rules for admission. The pretext for the pogroms was the shooting in Paris on November 7 of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a Polish-Jewish student, Herschel Grynszpan. [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions. [82], Five decades later, 9 November's association with the anniversary of Kristallnacht was cited as the main reason as to why Schicksalstag, the day the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, was not turned into a new German national holiday; a different day was chosen (3 October 1990, German reunification). At the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961, Sendel Grynszpan recounted the events of their deportation from Hanover on the night of 27 October 1938: "Then they took us in police trucks, in prisoners' lorries, about 20 men in each truck, and they took us to the railway station. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). But that was a mere pretext, and a lie; the government-organized pogrom had been carefully planned well in advance. [84], Kristallnacht was the inspiration for the 1993 album Kristallnacht by the composer John Zorn. lesson #6 fire safety and other resident safe, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. Many of these laws enforced Aryanization policythe transfer of Jewish-owned enterprises and property to Aryan ownership, usually for a fraction of their true value. Look up each word in a print, digital, or online dictionary. We have not come together merely to talk again, but to make decisions, and I implore competent agencies to take all measures for the elimination of the Jew from the German economy, and to submit them to me. The loss of prestige as a result of this abortive operation called for some sort of compensation. Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. 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