portalId: 20973928, Through this, a complete picture of the organization, strength and disposition of this force was gleaned. In addition, at the request of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 [Intelligence], USAFFE (US Army Forces in the Far East), an ATIS officer periodically delivered lectures on the importance and classification of Japanese documents to Army Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) classes. In addition, about 5,400 survivors of the Japanese defeat at Buna-Gona were moved into the Lae-Salamaua area. More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. Horikoshi, upon arrival at ATIS, at first denied all knowledge of any atrocities but on being confronted with his diary, admitted that such things had occurred. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). 5 captured many military documents. Found on the vessel were Japanese documents, including field orders and prisoner interrogation reports that indicated the Japanese knew when and where the American operation was to take place. In the second half of 1943 the main Allied concern in the south Pacific was the major Japanese base at . [17] The Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) estimated the average size of a captured document at 12 pages. Incidence of malaria was almost one hundred per cent. The B-29s in the Pacific, forming a part of the U.S. 20th Air Force, were controlled by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, acting through Gen. Henry (Hap) Arnold, commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces. German New Guinea Stamps, Dutch Dutch & Colonies Cover Stamps, Dutch Stamps, [1] All of the various organizations widely disseminated the information contained in the captured records. [8], The Japanese high command intended to hold Hollandia. Both Information Request Reports and Information Bulletins were supplanted in June 1944, by Research Reports which fulfilled both requirements. [64][66] Both Humboldt and Tanahmerah were developed with naval base, ammunition, repair and fuel facilities. As a result, a system of thorough Screening, i.e., the rapid examination of documents and the extraction (partial translations) therefrom of the more important material only, was given added prominence. To ease the congestion on White 1, 11 LSTs were landed off White 2, while engineers from the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade worked to clear the beach, shifting stores and equipment into Jautefa Bay. This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. To alleviate this difficulty, in July 1944, an officer was assigned for duty with ATIS for the purpose of organizing a sub-section to clean and restore documents making them more readily legible. An airfield had been built there during an area gold rush in the 1920s and 1930s. The Navy played a crucial role in operations to take Japanese airfields. MacArthur, the supreme commander in the area, also commanded all U.S. Army troops in the Southwest Pacific in his capacity as commanding general, U.S. Army Forces in the Far East. RAAF radar could not provide sufficient warning of Japanese attacks, so reliance was placed on coastwatchers and spotters in the hills until an American radar unit arrived in September with better equipment. CIC personnel were constantly engaged in providing lectures to soldiers about the importance of captured Japanese documents. On 24 April, the beach became more congested with the arrival of scheduled reinforcements and further equipment, as well as two transports and seven LSTs carrying troops, including the corps commander and his headquarters, which had been diverted from Tanahmerah Bay. It showed the units to which they belonged. Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 09:02. Instances were noted of officers completely out of their depth, of men eating meals when they should have been on the firing line, even of cowardice. Report No. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. This was usually done in the form of listings (usually termed bulletins) that provided a brief description of the records and various types of publications containing full or partial translations of specific documents and publications containing full or partial translations of documents relating to a general or specific topic. JICPOA personnel also served, beginning in January 1945, at the Advance Intelligence Center (AIC), established at the CINCPAC Advance Headquarters at Guam. Most regrettable!!' [4] Within six months, the school had shipped its first 35 graduates to the field, just in time for Guadalcanal and the Buna-Gona campaign. Gen. Millard F. Harmon, who was also subordinate to Nimitz. It was occupied by the invading Japanese during the invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942 and became a base for their expansion to the east towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua New Guinea. [14], Operation Mo was the designation given by the Japanese to their initial plan to take possession of Port Moresby. The sinking of over 25,000 tones of Japanese ships earned the unit the nickname . While MacArthur sought eight days worth of support from the fleet's powerful fleet carriers, Nimitz would only agree to commit this force for two days after the landings. 17 with Allied and Japanese Operations Among Natives of Dutch New Guinea; No. Wrecked Japanese planes litter Hollandia field, largely the victims of USAAF attacks earlier in the month (80-G-325109). [56] Historian Edward J. Drea attributed the success of the operation largely to MacArthur's bold decision to exploit intelligence gained through code breaking, and judged it was "MacArthur's finest hour in World War II and ULTRA's single greatest contribution to the general's Pacific strategy". [5] During the Guadalcanal campaign a large quantity of documents were captured, including ones retrieved from the Japanese submarine I-1, just offshore.[6]. He did successfully conduct the Western New Guinea campaign in 1944 which liberated much of Dutch New Guinea. It was later thought that 3000 troops from the 6th Sea Detachment were in the area, and reinforcements were being rapidly transferred there. Earlier, during the Leyte campaign, important documents and diaries were captured by CIC detachments indicating the collaboration of a prominent police officer. The air defences consisted of P-39 and P-40 fighters. It began with the easy Japanese conquest of most of the north coast of the massive island. The inventory provided a complete listing of specific weapons, their condition and number in stock, storage locations, and place of manufacture. Forward positions would first be established at Milne Bay, located in the forked eastern end of the Papuan peninsula, and at Buna, a village on the northeast coast of Papua about halfway between Huon Gulf and Milne Bay. The landing was supported by carrier-based aircraft of the U.S. 5th Fleet, which had also struck Japanese air installations at Wakde and Sarmi to the northwest. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. In September 1945 they seized in Singapore important documentary evidence of war crimes, including photographs showing captured Indian soldiers being executed for refusing to join with Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army. [46], On landing, the U.S. troops came under sporadic small arms and machine gun fire, but this was quickly suppressed. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. US troops debark from LST-66 at Tanahmerah Bay Hollandia. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. When Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved into internment camps in the late spring of 1942, the school moved to temporary quarters at Camp Savage, Minnesota. In February 1944, marines and soldiers from the 27th Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi Island. 'We are repeating the failure of Guadalcanal. [41] After rehearsals and loading, on 16 to 18 April the amphibious forces sailed from their bases at Finschafen and Goodenough Island; they joined up with other ships carrying troops bound for Aitape from Seeadler Harbour and then rendezvoused with the escort aircraft carriers providing air cover off Manus Island early on 20 April. 4, to acquire Japanese records, staged a contest, making awards to Burmese or Chinese turning in the most documents. The Kokoda Trail [was] suitable for splay-toed Papuan aborigines but a torture to modern soldiers carrying heavy equipment", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 34, Buna was easily taken as the Allies had no military presence there (MacArthur wisely chose not to attempt an occupation by paratroopers since any such force would have been easily wiped out by the Japanese). This information was put to immediate tactical use and resulted in the capture of the position by the US 7th Cavalry Squadron. Round one had gone to the Americans and Australians who had ejected the. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. Origins. 2 in May 1943. Approval was granted four days later. [42], " 'The Boeing [B-25] is most terrifying,' wrote one survivor in his diary. The gunners got a lot of practice; Port Moresby suffered its 78th raid on 17 August 1942. The Allies proceeded to turn the island into an air base. In early June, US Army engineers, Australian infantry and an anti-aircraft battery were landed near the Lever Brothers coconut plantation at Gili Gili, and work was begun on an airfield. Seven LSTs were also assigned. MacArthur, with a firm foothold in New Guinea, was determined to move next to the Philippines, from which he had been driven after Pearl Harbor, and from there launch the final attack on the Japanese home islands. Possibly the most important translations published by the 6th Army ATIS Advanced Echelon in February 1945, were files of orders of the Japanese 58th Independent Mixed Brigade. There were also other ATIS publications, based on captured documents and interrogations, such as Advanced Echelon Reports, Philippine Series Translations, and Interrogation Spot Reports. Some claim that 97% of Japanese deaths were from non-combat causes. In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. Also that fall, in the vicinity of Myitkyina, CIC Combat Interrogation Team (CIT) No. During the first week of March 1945, I Corps ATIS Advanced Echelon on Luzon translated four top secret Japanese operational orders made between February 26th-March 2nd. They included plans, charts, air defense details on all Japanese-held Pacific islands, and battle orders. As in most Pacific War campaigns, disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action. Two major moves were planned for the end of June: Eventually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff realized that a landing and siege of "Fortress Rabaul" would be far too costly, and that the Allies' ultimate strategic purposes could be achieved by simply neutralizing and bypassing it. 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