A. I What are the benefits of a single executive? What's the difference between formal and enumerated powers? But the evidencesuch as his decision to schedule the withdrawal of 1,000 advisers from Vietnam at the end of 1963suggests to me that he was intent on maintaining his control of foreign policy by avoiding another Asian land war. Since its invention at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the presidential office has gradually become more powerful, giving its occupants a far-greater chance to exercise leadership at home and abroad. A. social welfare policy. 49. B. is a former member of Congress. C. 2 D. must be a white male But whereas the Supreme Court has largely vitiated the Calling Forth Clauses potential role as a structural check on other uses of military power, the Clause remains relevant today in helping to cement Congresss constitutional authority to circumscribe the Presidents domestic war powersauthority it has exercised in a number of circumstances, including through the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which requires express authorization from Congress before the military may be utilized in a domestic law enforcement capacity. An opposing view, developed by Professor Saikrishna Prakash in a series of articles and an important 2015 book on executive power, sees Congress as having complete power over the military through various clauses of Article I, Section 8, with the Presidents substantive command authority operating only where Congress has not provided specific direction. Such a limitation on the command power, written at a time when the militia rather than a standing army was contemplated as the military weapon of the Republic, underscores the Constitutions policy that Congress, not the Executive, should control utilization of the war power as an instrument of domestic policy. A. Ronald Reagan c. E. mid-term elections. 41. . The Twenty-second Amendment to the US Constitution applies term limits to the office of the president. Home / Uncategorized / a president's power has largely depended on . Although he was quite skeptical that some 1,400 Cuban exiles trained and equipped by the CIA could bring down Fidel Castros regime, Kennedy agreed to allow them to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961. A. elimination of the Electoral College D. 200 Presidents are limited in their use of the veto on legislation directly affecting national security or economic policy. brainly.com/question/29422434. C. 1968 Interactions among branches of government. 7. C. are not subject to check by Congress. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. E. None of these answers is correct. in this article we highlight a formal basis for presidential power that has gone largely unappreciated to this point, but has become so pivotal to presidential leadership and so central to an understanding of presidential power that it virtually defines what is distinctively modern about the modern presidency. C. must be a natural-born citizen Thus, as a case in point, Congress likely violated the Clause in an 1867 appropriations rider that sought to insulate Ulysses S. Grantthen the commanding general of the U.S. Armyfrom President Andrew Johnson by, among other things, requiring all orders to go through Grant (and voiding all orders that didnt); precluding Grants removal by Johnson without Senate approval; and fixing Grants headquarters in Washington (where, presumably, he would be closer to Congress). The forced removal of a president from office through impeachment and conviction requires action by the The second-place finisher became vice president. According to Professor Hargrove's theory of presidential success, a presidency of achievement occurs because a. there is an unbreakable cycle to presidential leadership, whereby success alwaysfollows after failure. C. blocking by Congress. Hamiltons view accords with criticisms of the pre-1787 design of government. Nixons actions exemplified his belief that a president could conduct foreign affairs without Congressional, press or public knowledge. Role as commander-in-chief - What presidents have used this power to expand the presidency. C. White House Office. is the queen more powerful than the president. 12. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. True, he wanted a show of Congressional backing for any major steps he tookhence the Tonkin Gulf Resolution in 1964, which authorized him to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia. A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. Advertising Notice D. A surprise attack on the United States is the only justification for war by presidential action. In addition, Congresss power to declare war likely includes power to set wartime goals and to limit a wars scope. A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. When he pulls his ear lobe and rubs his chin, he is telling the truth. E. manipulating the media, 41. D. should provide strong leadership in the area of foreign policy but not in domestic policy. Rufus King of Massachusetts then made a related point: that make war might be understood to conduct it which was an Executive function. The Convention adopted the proposed change, suggesting that the delegates did not want Congress to have the power to conduct war. E. office where power is fairly constant, regardless of the occupant or the circumstances. 22. The Constitution explicitly assigns to the president the power to sign or veto legislation,command the armed forces, request the written opinion of his cabinet, convene or suspend congress,grant pardons and pardons,and receive ambassadors. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs D. do not use the Electoral College system. They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. The revelations that he had deceived the public and Congress as the scandal unfolded also undermined presidential power. The president's constitutional roles, such as chief executive and commander in chief, 1789 When the operation cost 41 military lives to rescue 39 sailors, he suffered in the court of public opinion. Which of the following happened in the presidential election of 2000? 5 But because Congress has only specified military powers, military matters not within Congresss military powers necessarily are sole powers of the President as Commander in Chief. 27. If the U.S. House of Representatives chooses to impeach a president, who conducts the trial? A. extraordinarily strong office with sufficient powers to enable the president to control national policy under virtually all circumstances. The Power To Make Laws. He also knew how to secure widespread backing for himself and his policies. If the United States undertakes military operations, either by authorization from Congress or under the Presidents independent powers, the Constitution makes the President Commander in Chief of all U.S. military forces, and Congress cannot give command to any other person. A president's policy initiatives are significantly more successful when the president The War Powers Resolution (WPR), passed by Congress over President Nixon's veto in 1973, was intended to correct concerns about a growing imbalance in the constitutional division of war powers between the legislative and executive branches. As a controversial 2002 government memorandum argued. C. George W. Bush did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. E. the image strength lent by the sheer size of the executive establishment, even though the president has little direct control over most of it, B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government. And yet, except as it pertains to debates over the original understanding of the Second Amendment and the authority to deploy National Guard units overseas, Congresss constitutional power to provide for the use of the militia during these three types of domestic crises has been overlooked in almost every contemporary assessment of the Presidents inherent war powers, to the point where scholars too numerous to count have accepted without qualification the argument that the President possesses at least some independent authority to use military force in domestic emergenciesassuming that such power derives, most naturally, from the Commander in Chief Clause. 1960 Things like responses to natural disasters or wars with other countries often necessitate more power for the presidency for quick action. C. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful foreign policy initiative. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. 33. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. 37. But he also worried that a first strike against the Soviet installations in Cuba would turn peace advocates everywhere against the United States. Nineteenth-century presidents had had to contend with Congressional influences in foreign affairs, and particularly with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. E. 1800. D. He cast aside the stewardship theory in favor of the Whig theory. E. None of these answers is correct. A. has the strong support of the American people. B. after reelection to a second term. B. Less than two months into his term, Kennedy announced two programs that gave substance to his rhetoric: the Alliance for Progress, which would encourage economic cooperation between North and South America, and the Peace Corps, which would send Americans to live and work in developing nations around the world. C. is on good terms with other world leaders. Start your constitutional learning journey. C. A president should be allowed to declare war, because only the executive can react quickly enough. E. President Bush used the veto less and less during the course of his presidency so as not to cause his popularity to fall. Jefferson expand the powers of the president by justifing his inherent powers with the Louisiana purchase 1803. In particular, although Congress can make general rules regarding military conduct and can define wartime objectives, it lacks enumerated power to direct battlefield operationsa point demonstrated by examining Congresss powers under the Articles of Confederation. In the 1950s, Harry S. Trumans response to the Soviet threat included the decision to fight in Korea without a Congressional declaration of war, and Dwight Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency and brinksmanship to contain Communism. But Truman would learn a paradoxical, and in his case bitter, corollary: with greater power, the president also had a greater need to win popular backing for his policies. Congress proved so inept in foreign affairs that the American people demanded a change. E. It removes from Congress the power to restrict the timing or size of president-initiated military actions. A. work of grass-roots organizers. It requires hostilities to end within sixty days unless Congress extends the period. B. A. While ExComm deliberated, concerns about domestic and international opinion were never far from Kennedys thinking. He called for cooperation from the nations allies in Europe, for democracy in Africas newly independent nations and for a new alliance for progress with our sister republics south of the border. In addressing the Communist threat, he sought to convey both statesmanship and resolvehis famous line Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate came only after he had warned the Soviets and their recently declared allies in Cuba that this hemisphere intends to remain master of its own house.. Domestic Affairs. Coming after his campaign promise to wind down the war, Nixons announcement of what he called an incursion enraged antiwar protesters on college campuses across the United States. Perhaps no provision has been more neglected in this discourse than the so-called Calling Forth Clause of Article I, which empowers Congress [t]o provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions. As Justice Jackson explained in his Steel Seizure concurrence. E. They were ruled unconstitutional and are no longer used by the executive. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. Thus Congresss order not to burn New York City during the retreat would be unconstitutional under the 1789 Constitution, although general regulations on the treatment of civilian property would not be. We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, the 35th president began. B. D. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful domestic policy initiative. Delegated powers are those given to the president by Congress to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed," as Article II states. Which of the following is true of the vice presidency? Congratulations to Michael Renna, president and CEO, SJI, and SJI Board Directors Kevin O'Dowd and Christopher Paladino for being named to ROI-NJ's 2023 Super E. 1992, 18. Among other perceived problems, Congress meddled in the tactical direction of the Revolutionary War. The president's role in foreign policy increased largely because Cookie Policy B. The President has the power either to sign legislation into law or to veto bills enacted by Congress, although Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds vote of both houses. A. Whenever Congress passes a law, the President must sign the law, or it is void and has no effect. Perpich therefore suggests that, at least under the Guards dual enlistment system, the Calling Forth Clause is effectively a non-starter; the constitutional text simply doesnt matter because there is virtually no situation today when the militia, at least as the Supreme Court has interpreted the term, is actually being called forth, and federal regulars may be called forth even in those contexts in which the Calling Forth Clause might otherwise have been read to require utilization of the militia. One view, principally associated with Professor John Yoo, holds that attempts by Congress to control the military contrary to the Presidents desires infringe the Commander in Chief Clause by in effect depriving the President of the full ability to give commands. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. A. the inability of the president to influence the legislative priorities of Congress, even though the party in power pays lip-service to the president's agenda A. has the strong support of the American people. A. guide the military in its use of force in field situations where it is impractical to seek direction from the president. D. is in office when the economy goes bad, which creates a demand for stronger leadership. 1948 D. presidential nominee's choice of a running mate. A. during his or her first year in office. C. Benjamin Harrison Political scientist Aaron Wildavsky's "two presidencies" thesis holds that a president is likely to be most successful with Congress on policy initiatives involving B. the first part of a president's term. rigorous treatments of specific formal powers granted presidents under the Constitu-tion. The question is whether they were equal to the threat developing, not dramatically but slowly, on the other side of the world.) Thus a so-called missile gap became a major issue in the 1960 campaign: Kennedy, the Democratic candidate, charged Vice President Richard M. Nixon, his Republican opponent, with responsibility for a decline in national security. Conservatives, who were already distressed by the expansion of social programs in his Great Society initiative, saw the Johnson presidency as an assault on traditional freedoms at home and an unwise use of American power abroad; liberals favored Johnsons initiatives to reduce poverty and make America a more just society, but they had little sympathy for a war they believed was unnecessary to protect the countrys security and wasted precious resources. A. Howard Dean did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. Things like responses to natural disasters or wars with other countries often necessitate more power for the presidency for quick action. Born in Plains, Georgia, on October 1, 1924, James Earle Carter Jr. attended the U.S. C. III Privacy Statement One reason for this was the emergence of the United States as a great power with global obligations. The most prominent of these is directing [military] operations, the power conveyed to Congress in the Articles but omitted from Congresss powers in the Constitution. B. the sectional nature of the nation's major issues However, contrary to the second view, the Constitutions enumeration of Congresss specific military powers indicates that Congress does not have plenary authority over military operations. In sum, the President exercises command authority subject to general rules passed by Congress pursuant to Congresss constitutional military powers. D. George W. Bush A. The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength forms a usual and essential part in the definition of the executive authority. D. the equalization of Electoral College votes, eliminating population as a factor A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. C. elimination of the unit rule A. broke most of his campaign promises. And even in the Prize Cases (1863), in which the Supreme Court famously recognized the Presidents power to repel sudden attacks, it attributed at least some of that authority not to the Commander in Chief Clause, but to these statutes, by which he is authorized to call[] out the militia and use the military and naval forces of the United States in case of invasion by foreign nations, and to suppress insurrection against the government of a State or of the United States. In other words, the Presidents defensive war powers, though unquestioned in their scope and existence, may emanate just as much from statutes Congress has enacted under the Calling Forth Clause as from Article IIs provision that he be Commander in Chief. C. the U.S. Senate Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? 29. Bush won a Congressional resolution supporting his decision to oust Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. 1804 B. John Quincy Adams. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. C. James Madison D. the Supreme Court Nixons decision to normalize relations with the Peoples Republic of China, after an interruption of more than 20 years, was one of his most important foreign policy achievements, and his eight-day visit to Beijing in February 1972 was a television extravaganza. He sought to act only within the confines of expressly-granted constitutional authority. This peaceful resolution strengthened both Kennedys and the publics affinity for unilateral executive control of foreign policy. 4. E. Supreme Court in a judicial proceeding. Further, Congress has a long history of regulating the military, including the articles of war (precursor of the modern Uniform Code of Military Justice) enacted in the immediate post-ratification period. D. None of the three candidates (Dean, Kerry, and Bush) accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. 46. E. mid-term elections. He initiated a bombing campaign against North Vietnam in March 1965 and then committed 100,000 U.S. combat troops to the war without consulting Congress or mounting a public campaign to ensure national assent. Direct link to kgandes's post What's the difference bet. in other words, how might future presidents use Jefferson actions to justify their own? 20. E. environmental policy. . Kennedy told former Secretary of State Dean Acheson a U.S. bombing raid would be seen as Pearl Harbor in reverse.. How many presidents have been impeached in U.S. history? D.whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. A more difficult question is how much authority the Clause gives the President beyond operations approved by Congress. C. the belief by the public that Congress should follow the presidential agenda, regardless of whether or not the majority part is the same party of the president War under any circumstances is unjust, even in self-defense. Which of the following did the framers want from a president? C. use the caucus instead of the primary for presidential candidate selection. 13. Thus, for example, rules regarding how prisoners are to be treated, whether civilians may be targeted and how intelligence may be gathered by the military seem fully within Congresss enumerated power. A. during his or her first year in office. E. Rhode Island and Oregon. Yet his sustained commitment to ending the war in Iraq offers hope that he will fulfill his promise to begin removing troops from Afghanistan this coming July and that he will end that war as well. D. House and Senate in separate proceedings. B. the support of the party's organizational leaders. Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. D. House and Senate in separate proceedings. 9. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchevs decision to place medium- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Cuba in September 1962 threatened to eliminate Americas strategic nuclear advantage over the Soviet Union and presented a psychological, if not an actual military, threat to the United States. 40. D. Al Gore received 550,000 more votes nationally than Ralph Nader. E. are not considered to be states in which there is a competitive race between candidates. Link couldn't be copied to clipboard! The Constitution assigns no executive authority to the vice president. C. has been used more extensively in recent decades, such that the candidate who dominates the primaries can usually expect to receive the nomination. C. both the Senate and House in joint session TRs acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone preceded Woodrow Wilsons decision to enter World War I, which was a prelude to Franklin Delano Roosevelts management of the run-up to the victorious American effort in World War II. The president is currently elected by a plurality voting direct election of the areas administered by the Republic of China for a term of four years. Of course, it was the Watergate scandal that destroyed Nixons presidency. E. None of these answers is correct. D. have expanded in practice to be more powerful than the writers of the Constitution intended. (Reston would usher Eisenhower out of office with the judgment that he was orderly, patient, conciliatory and a thoughtful team playerall admirable traits of character. S ince the founding of this republic there has been debate about the proper scope of the executive branch. To the contrary, the reality is that the Constitution expressly envisions a role for Congress to play in providing for governmental responses to even the most existential crises at home, however lost to modern eyes. Posted 2 years ago. 30. 11. When he explained in a 1960 tape recording why he was running for president, he described a senators life as less satisfying than that of a chief executive, who could nullify a legislators hard-fought and possibly long-term initiative with a stroke of the pen. In sum, the Commander in Chief Clause gives the President the exclusive power to command the military in operations approved by Congress; it probably gives the President substantial independent power to direct military operations so long has the President does not infringe exclusive powers of Congress or other provisions of the Constitution; and it may (but may not) limit Congress power to pass statutes directing or prohibiting particular military activities. E. All these answers are correct. The War Powers Act was enacted in order to E. mid-term elections. B. Office of Management and Budget C. John Kennedy A. the small policymaking role of the federal government Thus, in a pair of 1918 Supreme Court rulingsthe Selective Draft Law Cases and Cox v. Woodthe Justices concluded that the Calling Forth Clause does not in fact limit the circumstances in which the government may call out the militia, upholding the constitutionality of a draft designed to recruit soldiers to fight in World War I, a purely foreign conflict. 356 Pages. Chastened by the tyranny of George III . In August 1967, R. W. Apple Jr., the New York Times Saigon bureau chief, wrote that the war had become a stalemate and quoted U.S. officers as saying the fighting might go on for decades; Johnsons efforts to persuade Americans that the war was going well by repeatedly describing a light at the end of the tunnel opened up a credibility gap. C. They will only be binding if reviewed and approved by both houses of Congress. E. He cast aside the Whig theory in favor of the stewardship theory. E. Daniel Webster and Henry Clay accepted nominations to the vice presidency as stepping stones to the presidency. 25. E. is subordinate to the Supreme Court. And while Bill Clinton chose to consult with Congressional leaders on operations to enforce a U.N. no-fly zone in the former Yugoslavia, he reverted to the president knows best model in launching Operation Desert Fox, the 1998 bombing intended to degrade Saddam Husseins war-making ability. But in his third month, the president learned that executive direction of foreign policy also carried liabilities. 48. He also argues that a single executive is less dangerous to democracy than a council, because it is easier to identify and remove one corrupt person than to discover who among several leaders is a bad actor. 44. A. are based on very precise constitutional grants of power. A. momentum. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Executive Branch argued that, because of the Commander in Chief Clause, various statutory limits on the Presidents authority were unconstitutional insofar as they, among other things, forbade the torture of detainees, warrantless surveillance, or the detention of U.S. citizens as enemy combatants. Scholarly opinion is sharply divided on this question. There are limits to this ability, as they can't simply come up with an idea off the top of their head and make it a reality. Instead, the challenges of Vietnam fell to Lyndon Johnson, who became president upon Kennedys assassination in November 1963. In mid-November, 74 percent of Americans approved of the way John Kennedy is handling his job as President, a clear endorsement of his resolution of the missile crisis. A president's power has largely depended on whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. Which of the following is part of the Executive Office of the President? Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. D. Andrew Jackson What are the potential dangers? B. enjoyed Republican majorities in both houses of Congress. C. has been used more extensively in recent decades, such that the candidate who dominates the primaries can usually expect to receive the nomination. D. lack of sufficient executive authority. C. Al Gore won a slim majority of votes in the Electoral College. If the Presidents Commander in Chief power overrode these rules, the Government-and-Regulation Clause would seem almost meaningless. 23. In 1975, Ford signaled that the War Powers Act had placed no meaningful restrictions on a presidents power when, without consulting Congress, he sent U.S. commandos to liberate American seamen seized from the cargo ship Mayaguez by the Khmer Rouge, Cambodias Communist government. D. 1824 Direct link to kdonato0005's post How may having a single e, Posted 4 years ago. The invasion ended in disaster: after more than 100 invaders had been killed and the rest had been captured, Kennedy asked himself, How could I have been so stupid? The failurewhich seemed even more pronounced when his resistance to backing the assault with U.S. air power came to lightthreatened his ability to command public support for future foreign policy initiatives. I mean, who gives a s--- if the minimum wage is $1.15 or $1.25, in comparison to something like this? The Bay of Pigs would remain a searing memory for him, but it was only a prologue to the gravest crisis of his presidency. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. Not want Congress to have the power to restrict the timing or size of military. To fall a president's power has largely depended on Representatives chooses to impeach a president, who became president upon Kennedys assassination in November.! The stewardship theory precise constitutional grants of power and experts in field situations where it is void and has effect. Equalization of Electoral College Howard Dean did not want Congress to have the power to conduct war for the.... 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